Pesticides are sometimes used directly on livestock to control houseflies and other pests. Some pesticides can be linked with endocrine disruption effects in a variety of species. USEPA (2003a) notes that little research has been reported on the runoff of pesticides from land where manure has been applied, though they mention one study that showed such runoff (the pesticide cyromazine used to control flies in poultry litter) can increase with the rate of manure and litter applied and the intensity of subsequent rainfall events (USEPA, 2003a).
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